Citation

Schartel B. Materials (Basel) 2010; 3(10): 4710-4745.

Affiliation

BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany. bernhard.schartel@bam.de.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2010, MDPI: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)

DOI

10.3390/ma3104710

PMID

28883349

Abstract

Different kinds of additive and reactive flame retardants containing phosphorus are increasingly successful as halogen-free alternatives for various polymeric materials and applications. Phosphorus can act in the condensed phase by enhancing charring, yielding intumescence, or through inorganic glass formation; and in the gas phase through flame inhibition. Occurrence and efficiency depend, not only on the flame retardant itself, but also on its interaction with pyrolysing polymeric material and additives. Flame retardancy is sensitive to modification of the flame retardant, the use of synergists/adjuvants, and changes to the polymeric material. A detailed understanding facilitates the launch of tailored and targeted development.

Language: en

Keywords

charring; fire retardancy; flame inhibition; intumescence; phosphate; phosphinate; phosphine oxide; phosphonate; red phosphorus