Citation

Barrett FS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. Pers. Individ. Dif. 2017; 117: 155-160.

Affiliation

Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.004

PMID

28781400

PMCID

PMC5540159

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Classic hallucinogens (e.g. psilocybin and LSD) have substantial effects on perception, cognition, and emotion that can often be psychologically challenging, however we know very little regarding the source of significant individual variability that has been observed in the frequency and intensity of challenging experiences (i.e. "bad trips") with psychedelics. Previous clinical and observational literature suggests that there may be an association between neuroticism and challenging psychedelic experiences.

METHODS: Data from two online surveys of challenging experiences with psilocybin were analyzed. Multivariate analysis was used to estimate the associations between total score and scores from seven sub-factors (fear, grief, physical distress, insanity, isolation, death, and paranoia) of the Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), and scale scores from the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) in Study 1 (N=1993) and the Big Five Inventory (BFI) in Study 2 (N = 981).

RESULTS: CEQ scores were negatively associated with emotional stability scores (the inverse of neuroticism) in Study 1 and positively associated with neuroticism scores in Study 2.

CONCLUSIONS: Neuroticism may contribute to the strength of challenging experiences in uncontrolled settings.

Language: en

Keywords

bad trips; challenging experiences; hallucinogen; individual differences; neuroticism