Citation

Lonsdorf TB, Merz CJ. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2017; 80: 703-728.

Affiliation

Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Bochum, Germany.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.007

PMID

28764976

Abstract

Why do only some individuals develop pathological anxiety following adverse events? Fear acquisition, extinction and return of fear paradigms serve as experimental learning models for the development, treatment and relapse of anxiety. Individual differences in experimental performance were however mostly regarded as 'noise' by researchers interested in basic associative learning principles. Our work for the first time presents a comprehensive literature overview and methodological discussion on inter-individual differences in fear acquisition, extinction and return of fear. We tell a story from noise that steadily develops into a meaningful tune and converges to a model of mechanisms contributing to individual risk/resilience with respect to fear and anxiety-related behavior. Furthermore, in light of the present 'replicability crisis' we identify methodological pitfalls and provide suggestions for study design and analyses tailored to individual difference research in fear conditioning. Ultimately, synergistic transdisciplinary and collaborative efforts hold promise to not only improve our mechanistic understanding but can also be expected to contribute to the development of specifically tailored ('individualized') intervention and targeted prevention programs in the future.

Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Language: en

Keywords

Individual differences; age; brain; conditioning; extinction; generalization; genes; personality; return of fear; sex; stress