|
Abstract
|
In January 2014, SPPE began to publish a series of reviews, editorials, and commentaries with the goal of synthesising evidence and providing a platform for discussing and advancing the state of the art in social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. More than 2 years into these series, it is useful to take stock, look back, and provide an overview of what comes next.
The series set off to synthesise and discuss evidence on the biological and psychological mechanisms through which social contexts and experiences increase risk of adverse mental health outcomes [1, 2], reflecting the recent shift in theoretical and measurement foundations towards integrated models of aetiology. This included reviews and commentaries on gene–environment interactions [3–6] and on epigenetic [7, 8], inflammatory [9, 10], cognitive, affective [11–13], and neurobiological mechanisms [14] through which stress, adversity, and other key socio-environmental exposures may affect mental health. These reviews and commentaries highlight the rapid technological and subsequent scientific advances in psychiatry in uncovering mechanisms that underlie the epidemiological associations between adversity and illness that have been documented, since the advent of psychiatric epidemiology, yet also reveal a paradigm shift in its beginning stages of formation. In view of recent and impending revisions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases as well as movements towards non-binary classifications of psychiatric phenomena, the series then addressed current challenges in diagnostic classification in psychiatry [15–19], reviewing the enduring challenge of high comorbidity rates [19], methodological considerations in the use of latent variable models of psychopathology [16], and the evidence on transdiagnostic factors [17, 18] that may underlie individual common mental disorders [17, 18], personality disorders [18], and psychotic disorders [18, 20–22]. This was followed by reviews pulling together and discussing key findings from major epidemiological studies in the context of new challenges in the field and directions for future research [23–30]. It is abundantly clear, particularly from large-scale epidemiological studies, that the origins of most mental health problems trace back to childhood and adolescence [1] and the series continued with reviews and commentaries on youth mental health [31–36], including key findings from developmental epidemiology [32–34], protective and promotive factors [31], and the ongoing youth mental health reform in several countries [35, 36].
These reviews and commentaries testify to the continued value and vigour of social epidemiological research in mental health. However, there are of course challenges that remain to be addressed. The rapid advances in design, measurement, and statistics are often difficult to convey to a wider research audience and considered in isolation despite their overlap. One example of the latter are accelerated longitudinal designs, which, through developments in multilevel and growth mixture modelling, can now be more readily applied in psychiatric epidemiology [37]....
1.
Keyes KM, Susser E (2014) The expanding scope of psychiatric epidemiology in the 21st century. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(10):1521–1524. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0938-5
2.
Reininghaus U, Morgan C (2014) Integrated models in psychiatry: the state of the art. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(1):1–2. doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0807-7
3.
Iyegbe C, Campbell D, Butler A, Ajnakina O, Sham P (2014) The emerging molecular architecture of schizophrenia, polygenic risk scores and the clinical implications for GxE research. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(2):169–182. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0823-2
4.
Uher R (2014) Gene-environment interactions in common mental disorders: an update and strategy for a genome-wide search. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(1):3–14. doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0801-0
5.
Belsky DW, Suppli NP, Israel S (2014) Gene-environment interaction research in psychiatric epidemiology: a framework and implications for study design. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(10):1525–1529. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0954-5
6.
Kirkbride JB (2014) The emerging molecular architecture of schizophrenia, polygenic risk scores and the clinical implications for gXe research. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(10):1531–1534. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0961-6
7.
Pishva E, Kenis G, van den Hove D, Lesch KP, Boks MP, van Os J, Rutten BP (2014) The epigenome and postnatal environmental influences in psychotic disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(3):337–348. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0831-2
8.
Kundakovic M (2014) Postnatal risk environments, epigenetics, and psychosis: putting the pieces together. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(10):1535–1536. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0927-8
9.
Baumeister D, Russell A, Pariante CM, Mondelli V (2014) Inflammatory biomarker profiles of mental disorders and their relation to clinical, social and lifestyle factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(6):841–849. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0887-z
10.
Uddin M, Diwadkar VA (2014) Inflammation and psychopathology: what we now know, and what we need to know. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(10):1537–1539. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0934-9
11.
Bentall RP, de Sousa P, Varese F, Wickham S, Sitko K, Haarmans M, Read J (2014) From adversity to psychosis: pathways and mechanisms from specific adversities to specific symptoms. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(7):1011–1022. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0914-0
12.
Freeman D, Garety P (2014) Advances in understanding and treating persecutory delusions: a review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(8):1179–1189. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0928-7
13.
Beards S, Fisher HL (2014) The journey to psychosis: an exploration of specific psychological pathways. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(10):1541–1544. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0953-6
14.
Akdeniz C, Tost H, Meyer-Lindenberg A (2014) The neurobiology of social environmental risk for schizophrenia: an evolving research field. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(4):507–517. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0858-4
15.
Bebbington P (2015) Categories, continua and the growth of psychiatric knowledge. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50(4):507–510. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1033-2
16.
Bohnke JR, Croudace TJ (2015) Factors of psychological distress: clinical value, measurement substance, and methodological artefacts. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1022-5
17.
Carragher N, Krueger RF, Eaton NR, Slade T (2015) Disorders without borders: current and future directions in the meta-structure of mental disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50(3):339–350. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-1004-z
18.
Eaton NR, Rodriguez-Seijas C, Carragher N, Krueger RF (2015) Transdiagnostic factors of psychopathology and substance use disorders: a review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50(2):171–182. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-1001-2
19.
Goldberg D (2015) Psychopathology and classification in psychiatry. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50(1):1–5. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0924-y
20.
Reininghaus U, Bohnke JR, Hosang G, Farmer A, Burns T, McGuffin P, Bentall RP (2016) Evaluation of the validity and utility of a transdiagnostic psychosis dimension encompassing schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.167882
21.
Reininghaus U, Priebe S, Bentall RP (2013) Testing the psychopathology of psychosis: evidence for a general psychosis dimension. Schizophr Bull 39(4):884–895. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr182
22.
Shevlin M, McElroy E, Bentall RP, Reininghaus U, Murphy J (2016) The psychosis continuum: testing a bifactor model of psychosis in a general population sample. Schizophr Bull. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw067
23.
Beesdo-Baum K, Knappe S, Asselmann E, Zimmermann P, Bruckl T, Hofler M, Behrendt S, Lieb R, Wittchen HU (2015) The ‘Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology (EDSP) study’: a 20-year review of methods and findings. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50(6):851–866. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1062-x
24.
Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ (2015) Psychosocial sequelae of cannabis use and implications for policy: findings from the Christchurch Health and Development Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50(9):1317–1326. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1070-x
25.
Harding S, Read UM, Molaodi OR, Cassidy A, Maynard MJ, Lenguerrand E, Astell-Burt T, Teyhan A, Whitrow M, Enayat ZE (2015) The determinants of young adult social well-being and health (DASH) study: diversity, psychosocial determinants and health. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50(8):1173–1188. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1047-9
26.
Harper S, Towers-Evans H, MacCabe J (2015) The aetiology of schizophrenia: what have the Swedish Medical Registers taught us? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50(10):1471–1479. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1081-7
27.
Hasin DS, Grant BF (2015) The national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions (NESARC) Waves 1 and 2: review and summary of findings. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50(11):1609–1640. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1088-0
28.
Poulton R, Moffitt T, Silva P (2015) The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study: overview of the first 40 years, with an eye to the future. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1048-8
29.
Hall W (2015) Erratum to: challenges in minimizing the adverse effects of cannabis use after legalization. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50(9):1327. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1117-z
30.
Hall W (2015) Challenges in minimizing the adverse effects of cannabis use after legalization. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50(7):1013–1015. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1067-5
31.
Brumley LD, Jaffee SR (2016) Defining and distinguishing promotive and protective effects for childhood externalizing psychopathology: a systematic review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1228-1
32.
Costello EJ, Copeland W, Angold A (2016) The Great Smoky Mountains Study: developmental epidemiology in the southeastern United States. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 51(5):639–646. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1168-1
33.
Laurens KR, Cullen AE (2016) Toward earlier identification and preventative intervention in schizophrenia: evidence from the London Child Health and Development Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 51(4):475–491. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1151-x
34.
Lewis G, Jones PB, Goodyer IM (2016) The ROOTS study: a 10-year review of findings on adolescent depression, and recommendations for future longitudinal research. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 51(2):161–170. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1150-y
35.
Malla A, Iyer S, McGorry P, Cannon M, Coughlan H, Singh S, Jones P, Joober R (2016) From early intervention in psychosis to youth mental health reform: a review of the evolution and transformation of mental health services for young people. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 51(3):319–326. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1165-4
36.
Yung AR (2016) Youth services: the need to integrate mental health, physical health and social care: commentary on Malla et al.: from early intervention in psychosis to youth mental health reform: a review of the evolution and transformation of mental health services for young people. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 51(3):327–329. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1195-6
37.
Galbraith S, Bowden J, Mander A (2014) Accelerated longitudinal designs: an overview of modelling, power, costs and handling missing data. Stat Methods Med Res. doi:10.1177/0962280214547150
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
Language: en |