Citation

Lylykangas J, Surakka V, Salminen K, Farooq A, Raisamo R. Transp. Res. F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 2016; 40: 68-77.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2016, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.trf.2016.04.010

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

The objective of the current driving simulator study (N = 20) was to assess brake reaction time (BRT) and subjective experiences of visual (V), tactile (T), and visual-tactile (VT) collision warnings when the drivers' visual orientation was manipulated between four locations (i.e., road and three different mirror locations). V warning was a blinking light in a windscreen, T warning was implemented by a vibrating accelerator pedal, and VT warning was their synchronous combination. The results showed that all the warning stimuli were detected in 100% accuracy in all visual orientations, but T and VT warnings produced significantly faster BRTs when compared to V warning. It was found that BRT to V warning was the slowest while observing the furthermost side mirror. However, BRTs following T and VT warnings remained unaffected by the visual orientations. Both the objective BRT measurements and subjective evaluations indicated a superiority of T and VT warnings against a sole V warning, not only in general terms, but also separately for different visual orientations.

Language: en