Citation

Carus WS. Health Secur. 2015; 13(4): 219-255.

Affiliation

W. Seth Carus, PhD, is Distinguished Research Fellow, Center for the Study of WMD, National Defense University , Ft. McNair, Washington, DC.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2015, Mary Ann Liebert Publishers)

DOI

10.1089/hs.2014.0092

PMID

26221997

Abstract

This article critically reviews the literature on the history of biological warfare, bioterrorism, and biocrimes. The first serious effort to review this entire history, made in 1969, had numerous limitations. In recent decades, several authors have filled many of the gaps in our understanding of the past use of biological agents (including both pathogens and toxins), making it possible to reconstruct that history with greater fidelity than previously possible. Nevertheless, there are numerous remaining gaps, and closer inspection indicates that some supposed uses of biological weapons never took place or are poorly substantiated. Topics requiring additional research are identified.

Language: en