Citation

Reddy SM, Guannel G, Griffin R, Faries J, Boucher T, Thompson M, Brenner J, Bernhardt J, Verutes G, Wood SA, Silver J, Toft J, Rogers A, Maas A, Guerry A, Molnar J, DiMuro JL. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 2015; 12(2): 328-344.

Affiliation

Global EH&S and Sustainability, The Dow Chemical Company, 2020 Dow Center, Midland, MI, 48674.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2015, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry)

DOI

10.1002/ieam.1678

PMID

26123999

Abstract

Businesses may be missing opportunities to account for ecosystem services in their decisions because they do not have methods to quantify and value ecosystem services. We developed a method to quantify and value coastal protection and other ecosystem services in the context of a cost-benefit analysis of hurricane risk mitigation options for a business. We first analyze linked biophysical and economic models to examine the potential protection provided by marshes. We then applied this method to The Dow Chemical Company's Freeport, TX facility to evaluate natural (marshes), built (levee), and hybrid (marshes and a levee designed for marshes) defenses against a 100-year hurricane. Model analysis shows that future sea-level rise decreases marsh area, increases flood heights, and increases the required levee height (12%) and cost (8%). In this context, marshes do not provide sufficient protection to the facility located 12 km inland to warrant a change in levee design for a 100-year hurricane. Marshes do provide some protection near shore and under smaller storm conditions, which may help maintain the coastline and levee performance in the face of sea-level rise. In sum, the net present value to the business of built defenses [$217 million (2010 USD)] is greater than natural defenses [$15 million (2010 USD)] and similar to the hybrid defense scenario [$229 million (2010 USD)]. Examination of a sample of public benefits from the marshes shows they provide at least $117 million (2010 USD) in coastal protection, recreational value, and carbon sequestration to the public, while supporting 12 fisheries and >300 wildlife species. This study provides information where natural defenses may be effective and a replicable approach that businesses can use to incorporate private, as well as public, ecosystem service values into hurricane risk management at other sites. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Language: en