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Abstract
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The prevalence of both alcohol and cannabis use and the high morbidity associated with motor vehicle crashes has lead to a plethora of research on the link between the two. Drunk drivers are involved in 25% of motor vehicle fatalities, and many accidents involve drivers who test positive for cannabis. Cannabis and alcohol acutely impair several driving-related skills in a dose-related fashion, but the effects of cannabis vary more between individuals than they do with alcohol because of tolerance, differences in smoking technique, and different absorptions of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active ingredient in marijuana. Detrimental effects of cannabis use vary in a dose-related fashion, and are more pronounced with highly automatic driving functions than with more complex tasks that require conscious control, whereas with alcohol produces an opposite pattern of impairment. Because of both this and an increased awareness that they are impaired, marijuana smokers tend to compensate effectively while driving by utilizing a variety of behavioral strategies. Combining marijuana with alcohol eliminates the ability to use such strategies effectively, however, and results in impairment even at doses which would be insignificant were they of either drug alone. Epidemiological studies have been inconclusive regarding whether cannabis use causes an increased risk of accidents; in contrast, unanimity exists that alcohol use increases crash risk. Furthermore, the risk from driving under the influence of both alcohol and cannabis is greater than the risk of driving under the influence of either alone. Future research should focus on resolving contradictions posed by previous studies, and patients who smoke cannabis should be counseled to wait several hours before driving, and avoid combining the two drugs.
Keywords: Cannabis impaired driving ; Ethanol impaired driving
Language: en |
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Keywords
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Adult; Female; Male; adult; Questionnaires; human; Time Factors; Ethanol; Task Performance and Analysis; female; male; safety; questionnaire; traffic; alcohol; Automobile Driving; Cannabis; Human; cannabis; dronabinol; blood; car driving; psychomotor performance; article; major clinical study; intoxication; driving ability; drug dependence; drug effect; normal human; task performance; dose response; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; comparative study; clinical trial; time; inhalational drug administration; adverse drug reaction; drug interaction; Motor Skills; motor performance; oral drug administration; Comparative Study; chemical phenomena; clinical study; Clinical Trials; Depression, Chemical; heart rate; Heart Rate; psychomotor test; Pulse; pulse rate |