Citation

Noy S. Traumatology 2001; 7(3): 1-9.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2001, Green Cross Academy of Traumatology, Publisher APA Journals)

DOI

10.1177/153476560100700301

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

The traumatic process contains three possible stages: a stage of warning, a stage of impact (immediate reaction), and a post-traumatic stage. While identification of factors that can influence the long term clinical picture (the post-traumatic stage) has been attempted elsewhere, examination has not previously been done to explore the relationship between the severity of stressors and the immediate stress reaction. This paper proposes that gradations of stress (intensity, duration) play a key role at the stage of impact (immediate reaction), which subsequently affects both the short and long-term clinical picture. It also proposes that behavior under threat (reaction to stress) is usually an adaptive behavior, a communication, a part of a dialogue between the survivor and the surrounding environment. In this study, immediate stress reaction was measured in terms of CSR, or combat stress reactions. CSR is defined as a means by which soldiers communicate to the system that they cannot take it any more. CSR symptoms can present clinically in a variety of ways, as psychiatric reactions, accidents, somatic illnesses, behavioral acting out or conduct disorders. Reanalysis of a longitudinal study of 4000 soldiers in World War II was conducted, and the question "what kind of objective stress precedes each type of CSR casualties" was asked.

RESULTS indicated that gradations of stress at the stage of impact significantly influenced the clinical picture. Intensive combat typically produced psychiatric casualties and accidents. Moderate Stress tended to result in medical casualties; and prolonged, intermittent combat preceded AWOL and disciplinary manpower drain. A study in Israel, which I conducted after the 1982 war, showed similar results.

Language: en