Citation

Hakkanen H, Hagelstam C, Santtila P. Leg. Crim. Psychol. 2003; 8(2): 189-206.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2003, British Psychological Society, Publisher John Wiley and Sons)

DOI

10.1348/135532503322362960

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

Purpose. Various stalking styles were first clustered by using multidimensional scaling (MDS), and then different stalking styles were analysed against prior restrainee-victim relationship and violation of the restraining order.Methods. The court and police files of a random sample of 240 Finnish stalking cases, in which a restraining order had been issued, were content analysed for the existence of 30 dichotomous stalking action variables. MDS was performed in order to identify different stalking styles.Results. The solution of a multidimensional scaling analysis suggested three distinct structural themes for the actions: instrumental/pursuit, instrumental/ manipulation and expressive/violence. The themes were partially associated with the nature of the prior victim-restrainee relationship. In all, 35% of the restrainees violated the restraining order. No significant associations were found between violating the restraining order and restrainee, victim or circumstantial characteristics. Violation correlated significantly with the action themes instrumental/pursuit and expressive/violence. The number of stalking actions was also significantly higher for the stalkers who violated the restraining order. In addition, in all of the cases where the victim had voluntarily met with the restrainee, the restraining order was violated. Among the violators, the proportion of restrainees employing violent stalking actions and threats significantly decreased following the issuing of the restraining order.Conclusions. The results suggest that stalking can be interpreted thematically. Violation of the restraining orders is associated with certain stalking themes and the number of stalking actions. Further violence is decreased by the issuing of the restraining orders. Restraining orders playa significant role in victim protection and intervention.

Language: en