Citation

Greenwald R, Hedges LV, Laine RD. Rev. Educ. Res. 1996; 66(3): 361-396.

Copyright

(Copyright © 1996, American Educational Research Association, Publisher SAGE Publishing)

DOI

10.2307/1170528

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

A universe of education production function studies was assembled in order to utilize meta-analytic methods to assess the direction and magnitude of the relations between a variety of school inputs and student achievement. The 60 primary research studies aggregated data at the level of school districts or smaller units and either controlled for socioeconomic characteristics or were longitudinal in design. The analysis found that a broad range of resources were positively related to student outcomes, with effect sizes large enough to suggest that moderate increases in spending may be associated with significant increases in achievement. The discussion relates the findings of this study with trends in student achievement from the National Assessment of Educational Progress and changes in social capital over the last two decades.