Citation

Al-Sarraj S, Fegan-Earl A, Ugbade A, Bodi I, Chapman R, Poole S, Swift B, Jerreat P, Cary N. J. Forensic Leg. Med. 2012; 19(3): 144-151.

Affiliation

Department of Clinical Neuropathology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.jflm.2011.12.015

PMID

22391000

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Brainstem haemorrhage is common in cases of head injury when it is associated with space-occupying lesion and increases in the intracranial pressure (duret haemorrhage), in cases of diffuse axonal injury (in dorso-lateral quadrant) and diffuses vascular injury (in the periventricular tissue). However focal traumatic brainstem injury is rare. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We identified 12 cases of focal traumatic brainstem injury from review of 319 case of head injury. The head trauma had been caused by different mechanisms of complex fall from height and assault. 10/12 are associated with skull fracture, 11/12 with contre coup contusions in the frontal and temporal lobes, 5/12 direct contusions to cerebellum, 5/12 haemorrhage in corpus callosum and 2/11 have gliding contusions. None of the cases had pathological evidence of increase in the intracranial pressure. The bleeding in the pons was at the edge in 2/12 and cross the section in 10/12. The majority of patients were unconscious immediately after the incident (10/12) and 9/12 died within one day. CONCLUSION: Focal traumatic brainstem injury occurs most likely due to direct impact at the back of the head or stretching forces affecting the brainstem in cases of complex fall from height and after assault, particularly those associated with kicks. It is a serious and commonly fatal brain damage, which needed to be differentiated from other causes of brainstem haemorrhages.

Language: en