Citation

Miller DS. Zoo Biol. 2001; 20(5): 389-398.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2001, John Wiley and Sons)

DOI

10.1002/zoo.1037

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

Pepper (oleoresin capsicum) sprays appear to be a "less-than-lethal" option for repelling attacks by captive wildlife. These products may also deter wildlife from approaching, before an attack occurs. Such products should only be used when human life or severe injury is at stake. These products work by causing irritation of the ocular and respiratory membranes that distracts or debilitates the attacker. In humans, inflammation of the mucous membranes that restricts respiration and causes eyelid swelling, along with variable responses to pain, can debilitate aggressive people long enough to allow escape or application of restraint. However, some highly motivated animals may not be sufficiently incapacitated by the physiological effects of pepper spray on mucous membranes, and may also be able to override any sensations of pain. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency has registered pepper spray products that appear to be effective against dogs and bears. However, little data are available to justify the registration of some products. It is important to consider effective spray distance, spray pattern, duration of spray, quantity of content, canister size, and safety features when selecting a product. A training program and policies for the use of pepper sprays should be in place before providing the product to staff. Safety and decontamination protocols need to be included as a part of training procedures. Local law enforcement agencies may be able to assist with training programs and for addressing liability issues. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.