Citation

Garg A, Owen B. Int. J. Ind. Ergonomics 1994; 14(4): 315-331.

Copyright

(Copyright © 1994, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

unavailable

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate five different manual techniques (two-person lifting; rocking and pulling the patient using a gait belt with two persons; walking belt with handles with one and two persons; and a patient handling sling with cutouts with one person) for transferring patients from wheelchair to toilet and toilet to wheelchair. In addition, three different mechanical hoists (H, T and A) were studied for transferring patients from toilet to wheelchair. Six female nursing students with prior patient transfer experience served both as nurses and passive patients.The mean trunk flexion moments, erector spinae muscle forces and compressive forces for the four manual pulling methods ranged from 93 to 133 Nm, 1861 to 2653 N and 1974 to 2745 N, respectively, as compared to about 200 Nm, 4100 N and 4800 N for two-person manual lifting. Manual lifting was perceived to be the most stressful by the nurses and the least comfortable and secure by the patients. Hoist A was perceived to be the least stressful and the most comfortable and secure. Hoists H and T were perceived to be more stressful, less comfortable and less secure than the walking belt.An intervention study was conducted in two units of a nursing home (140 beds and 57 NAs) to determine the effectiveness of ergonomic changes. Nursing assistants (NAs) in the two units of the nursing home were trained in the use of selected devices and shower rooms and toilets were modified. The mean acceptability rates for walking belt and hoist A were 81% and 87%, respectively. The reported incidence and severity rates for back injuries over 13 months decreased from 83 to 43 and from 634 to 0, respectively, after the intervention. Nursing assistants perceived their job as "very light" after the intervention as compared to between "somewhat hard" and "hard" before intervention.