Citation

Durbin J, Koopman SJ. Biometrika 1997; 84(3): 669-684.

Copyright

(Copyright © 1997, Biometrika Trust, Publisher Oxford University Press)

DOI

10.1093/biomet/84.3.669

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

State space models are considered for observations which have non-Gaussian distributions. We obtain accurate approximations to the loglikelihood for such models by Monte Carlo simulation. Devices are introduced which improve the accuracy of the approximations and which increase computational efficiency. The loglikelihood function is maximised numerically to obtain estimates of the unknown hyperparameters. Standard errors of the estimates due to simulation are calculated. Details are given for the important special cases where the observations come from an exponential family distribution and where the observation equation is linear but the observation errors are non-Gaussian. The techniques are illustrated with a series for which the observations have a Poisson distribution and a series for which the observation errors have a t-distribution.