Citation

McIntosh SE, Hamonko MT, Freer L, Grissom CK, Auerbach PS, Rodway GW, Cochran A, Giesbrecht G, McDevitt M, Imray CH, Johnson E, Dow J, Hackett PH. Wilderness Environ. Med. 2011; 22(2): 156-166.

Affiliation

Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2011, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.wem.2011.03.003

PMID

21664561

Abstract

The Wilderness Medical Society convened an expert panel to develop a set of evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite. We present a review of pertinent pathophysiology. We then discuss primary and secondary prevention measures and therapeutic management. Recommendations are made regarding each treatment and its role in management. These recommendations are graded based on the quality of supporting evidence and balance between the benefits and risks/burdens for each modality according to methodology stipulated by the American College of Chest Physicians.

Language: en