Citation

Graham K, Bernards S, Knibbe R, Kairouz S, Kuntche S, Wilsnack SC, Greenfield TK, Dietze P, Obot I, Gmel G. Addiction 2011; 106(8): 1391-1405.

Affiliation

Senior Scientist and Group Head, Social and Epidemiological Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, London, Ontario, Canada; Adjunct Research Professor, Dept. of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Associate Professor, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Professor (Adjunct), National Drug Research Institute; Curtin University of Technology; Perth, Western Australia, Australia. Research Associate, Social and Epidemiological Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, London, Ontario, Canada. Professor of Social Epidemiology of Alcohol and Drug Use, Department of Health Promotion, University Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Concordia University, Montreal, Québec, Canada Addiction Info Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland; Alcohol Treatment Centre, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland Chester Fritz Distinguished Professor, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA. Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville CA, USA Associate Professor, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne Australia; Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne Australia Department of Psychology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria Alcohol Treatment Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Addiction Info Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, United Kingdom.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2011, John Wiley and Sons)

DOI

10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03425.x

PMID

21395893

Abstract

Aims. This paper examines (1) gender and country differences in negative consequences related to drinking; (2) relative rates of different consequences; (3) country-level predictors of consequences. Design, setting and participants. Multi-level analyses used survey data from the GENACIS collaboration. Measurements. Measures included 17 negative consequences grouped into (a) high endorsement acute, (b) personal and (c) social. Country-level measures included average frequency and quantity of drinking, percent current drinkers, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Human Development Index (HDI). Findings. Overall, the three groupings of consequences were reported by 44%, 12% and 7% of men and by 31%, 6% and 3% of women, respectively. More men than women endorsed all consequences but gender differences were greatest for consequences associated with chronic drinking and social consequences related to male roles. The highest prevalence of consequences was in Uganda, lowest in Uruguay. Personal and social consequences were more likely in countries with higher usual quantity, fewer current drinkers, and lower scores on GDP and HDI. However, significant interactions with individual-level quantity indicated a stronger relationship between consequences and usual quantity among drinkers in countries with lower quantity, more current drinkers and higher scores on GDP and HDI. Conclusions. Both gender and country need to be taken into consideration when assessing adverse drinking consequences. Individual measures of alcohol consumption and country-level variables are associated with experiencing such consequences. Additionally, country-level variables affect the strength of the relationship between usual quantity consumed by individuals and adverse consequences.

Language: en