Citation

Anda R, Tietjen G, Schulman E, Felitti VJ, Croft JB. Headache 2010; 50(9): 1473-1481.

Affiliation

From Carter Consulting Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA (R. Anda); Department of Neurology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA (G. Tietjen); Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA (E. Schulman); Department of Preventive Medicine, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, CA, USA (V. Felitti); Emerging Investigations and Analytic Methods Branch, Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA (J. Croft).

Copyright

(Copyright © 2010, American Headache Society; American Association for the Study of Headache, Publisher John Wiley and Sons)

DOI

10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01756.x

PMID

20958295

Abstract

Background.- A variety of studies have linked childhood maltreatment to headaches, including migraines, and to headache severity. This study assesses the relationship of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to frequent headaches during adulthood. Methods.- We used data from the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study, which included 17,337 adult members of the Kaiser Health Plan in San Diego, CA who were undergoing a comprehensive preventive medical evaluation. The study assessed 8 ACEs including abuse (emotional, physical, sexual), witnessing domestic violence, growing up with mentally ill, substance abusing, or criminal household members, and parental separation or divorce. Our measure of headaches came from the medical review of systems using the question: "Are you troubled by frequent headaches?" We used the number of ACEs (ACE score) as a measure of cumulative childhood stress and hypothesized a "dose-response" relationship of the ACE score to the prevalence and risk of frequent headaches. Results.- Each of the ACEs was associated with an increased prevalence and risk of frequent headaches. As the ACE score increased the prevalence and risk of frequent headaches increased in a "dose-response" fashion. The risk of frequent headaches increased more than 2-fold (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.8-2.4) in persons with an ACE score ≥5, compared to persons with and ACE score of 0. The dose-response relationship of the ACE score to frequent headaches was seen for both men and women. Conclusions.- The number of ACEs showed a graded relationship to frequent headaches in adults. Future studies should examine general populations with headache, and carefully classify them. A better understanding of the link between ACEs and migraine may lead to new knowledge regarding pathophysiology and enhanced additional therapies for headache patients.

Language: en