Citation

Dorkenoo E. World Health Stat. Q. 1996; 49(2): 142-147.

Affiliation

Family and Reproductive Health Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.

Copyright

(Copyright © 1996, World Health Organization)

DOI

unavailable

PMID

9050193

Abstract

It is estimated that more than 120 million females have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM) and that 2 million more girls are at risk of mutilation each year. In response to this enormous health problem, the World Health Organization (WHO) convened a Technical Working Group Meeting on the subject in July 1995. The working group defined FGM as "the removal of part or all of the external female genitalia and/or injury to the female genital organs for cultural or other nontherapeutic reasons." The working group also provided four classifications for different types of FGM. FGM is usually performed by traditional practitioners (the WHO is opposed to the medicalization of this procedure) on girls and young women of any age (but the average age is decreasing). The origins of FGM are unknown, and a variety of reasons are forwarded in its defense. The health complications are known, however, and include the immediate complications of hemorrhage, severe pain, fractured bones, possible HIV transmission, and shock; longterm complications such as keloid scar formation, painful intercourse, chronic infection, and problems in pregnancy and childbirth; and psychological problems associated with sexual dysfunction caused by painful intercourse, the loss of trust in care-givers, and depression. Human rights instruments exist that oblige states to eliminate such harmful procedures, but gaps exist in information about types and prevalence of FGM. Because FGM involves human rights and health issues, a multidisciplinary approach will be necessary for its eradication. An action agenda calls for adoption of clear national policies, establishment of interagency coalitions, research, community outreach, and training of health workers.

Language: en