Citation

Astor RA, Benbenishty R, Estrada JN. Am. Educ. Res. J. 2009; 46(2): 423-461.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2009, American Educational Research Association, Publisher SAGE Publishing)

DOI

10.3102/0002831208329598

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

Theories often assume that schools in communities with high violence also have high rates of school violence, yet there are schools with very low violence in high violence communities. Organizational variables within these schools may buffer community influences. Nine "atypical" schools are selected from a national database in Israel. Three years of intense qualitative and quantitative methods are employed at these schools. The most important variable found is the leadership of the principal. These schools emphasize a school reform approach rather than packaged school violence evidence-based programs. The schools demonstrate "outward" oriented ideologies, a schoolwide awareness of violence, consistent procedures, integrated use of cultural and religious symbols, visual manifestations of student care, and the beautification of school grounds.