Citation

Yang BS, Ashton-Miller JA. Appl. Ergon. 2005; 36(5): 601-607.

Affiliation

Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 3216 G.G. Brown, 2250 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, USA.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2005, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.apergo.2005.01.012

PMID

15970205

Abstract

A fall from a stepladder is often initiated by a loss of lateral stability. An inverted pendulum model of the human, validated by experiment, was used to determine the feasible range of whole-body center of mass (COM) states for which weight can be transferred laterally on a ladder tread without a ladder rail losing contact with the ground ("no lift-off" stability region). The results show that the size of the feasible no lift-off region was inversely proportional to the height of the tread above the ground, the distance of the stance foot from the ipsilateral rail, and lateral ground inclination angle. For given initial COM kinematics on a tread height equal to 40% human body height, a stance-foot location equal to one-eighth tread width and a 3.5 degrees ground inclination had approximately equivalent effects on the no lift-off region size. Ladder stability was three times more sensitive to tread height than to foot location. Laterally-exerted impulsive hand-tool forces should generally be limited to 8% body weight. These findings can lead to improved ladder designs and safety instructions for stepladder users.