Citation

Levy ML, Ozgur BM, Berry C, Aryan HE, Apuzzo ML. Neurosurgery 2004; 55(3): 649-655.

Affiliation

Division of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA. mlevy@chsd.org

Copyright

(Copyright © 2004, Congress of Neurological Surgeons)

DOI

unavailable

PMID

15335432

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To review head injury in American football through historical, anatomic, and physiological analysis. METHODS: We obtained data from a thorough review of the literature. RESULTS: The reported incidence of concussion among high school football players dropped from 19% in 1983 to 4% in 1999. During the 1997 Canadian Football League season, players with a previous loss of consciousness in football were 6.15 times more likely to experience a concussion than players without a previous loss of consciousness (P < 0.05). Players with a previous concussion in football were 5.10 times more likely to experience a concussion than players without a previous concussion (P = 0.0001). With the implementation of National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment standards, fatalities decreased by 74% and serious head injuries decreased from 4.25 per 100,000 to 0.68 per 100,000. CONCLUSION: Significant declines in both the incidence and severity of head injury have been observed. The enhanced safety records in football can be attributed to the application of more stringent tackling regulations as well as the evolving football helmet. The role of a neurosurgeon is critical in further head injury prevention and guidelines in sport.