TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2024//
TI  - Does childhood maltreatment affect hikikomori via traits of modern-type depression?
JO  - Journal of affective disorders
A1  - Masuda, Ryota
A1  - Katsuki, Ryoko
A1  - Matsushima, Toshio
A1  - Kyuragi, Sota
A1  - Nakao, Tomohiro
A1  - Kato, Takahiro A.
SP  - ePub
EP  - ePub
VL  - ePub
IS  - ePub
N2  - BACKGROUND: In the 1990s, the concepts of hikikomori and modern-type depression (MTD) emerged in Japan. Hikikomori is a condition of social avoidance or isolation, characterized by staying at home and being physically isolated for at least six months. MTD is characterized by depressive symptoms-mainly in stressful work or school situations during adolescence and early adulthood-which tend to rapidly reduce or disappear after leaving the stressful situation. We hypothesized that childhood maltreatment can form MTD traits that lead to hikikomori. <br><br>METHODS: As a first step, we conducted a multigroup path analysis between childhood maltreatment, MTD traits, and physical isolation in the hikikomori group. This study utilized the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Home Environment Questionnaire (HEQ), 22-item Tarumi Modern-Type Depressive Trait Scale (TACS-22), 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). The HQ-25 contains three factors: physical isolation, lack of socialization, and lack of emotional support. <br><br>RESULTS: The hikikomori group included 92 patients and the control group comprised 137 healthy individuals. All total and subscale scores of PHQ-9, HEQ, TACS-22, HQ-25, and HDRS were significantly higher in the hikikomori group than in the control group. The risk model of childhood maltreatment for physical isolation via MTD traits obtained good fit with a goodness-of-fit index of.982.     LIMITATIONS: The study's limitations were its sample selection bias, cross-sectional design, and use of self-report scales. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the hypothesis that childhood maltreatment is an important risk factor for hikikomori via MTD traits.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0165-0327
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.094
ID  - ref1
ER  -