TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2023//
TI  - The effect of the Brexit vote on the variation in race and religious hate crimes in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
JO  - British journal of criminology
A1  - Williams, M. L.
A1  - Sutherland, A.
A1  - Roy-Chowdhury, V.
A1  - Loke, T.
A1  - Cullen, A.
A1  - Sloan, L.
A1  - Burnap, P.
A1  - Giannasi, P.
SP  - 1003
EP  - 1023
VL  - 63
IS  - 4
N2  - This paper examines possible mechanisms behind the spike in racially or religiously-aggravated (RR) offences after the Brexit vote. It adds to the current literature in five significant ways: (1) it provides the first Brexit-related RR hate crime comparison between England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland; (2) it reports on results from a national-level panel model that adds to the debate in the literature on whether pro-leave or pro-remain areas saw greater increases hate crimes; (3) it assesses the role of demographic characterises on the variation in hate crime; (4) it compares the effect of the vote with other 'trigger events'; and (5) it uses social media data to control for variation in hate crime victim and witness reporting.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0007-0955
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azac071
ID  - ref1
ER  -