TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2022//
TI  - Patterns of school victimization and problem behaviors: longitudinal associations with socioeconomic well-being and criminal justice involvement
JO  - Child and youth care forum
A1  - Heath, Ryan D.
A1  - Tan, Kevin
A1  - Guzzy, Jennifer S.
A1  - Henry, Briyana
SP  - 439
EP  - 461
VL  - 51
IS  - 2
N2  - BACKGROUND: Middle school victimization and problem behaviors often co-occur, but little is known about patterns of co-occurrence, or how long effects persist into adulthood. <br><br>OBJECTIVE: Drawing on general strain theory, this study aimed to identify sex-specific profiles of victimization and problem behaviors during middle school, and their association with socioeconomic, violence, and criminal justice outcomes in young adulthood. <br><br>METHOD: Latent class analyses was conducted on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth--1997, including subsamples of seventh grade females (n = 529) and males (n = 494). <br><br>RESULTS: Two classes were identified for females: (1) low-risk and (2) high-risk; these classes were associated with outcomes in the hypothesized directions. For males, however, there were three groups: (1) low-risk, which reported low rates of victimization and problem behaviors; (2) victimized, with high victimization but low rates of problem behaviors; and (3) high-risk, with high rates of both victimization and problem behaviors. Interestingly, victimized males had socioeconomic and criminal justice outcomes similar to low-risk males, but rates of assault comparable to high-risk males. For example, victimized males were five times more likely to obtain a college degree than high-risk males (27.1% versus 4.6%) and three times less likely to live in poverty (9.5% versus 25.9%), but only slightly less likely to commit assault (41.7% versus 59.8%). However, there was alarming over-representation of Black youth in the high-risk groups. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Findings emphasize the urgency with which schools and community agencies need to address victimization and problem behaviors among adolescents, but simultaneously target structural racism.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 1053-1890
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10566-021-09633-1
ID  - ref1
ER  -