TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2003//
TI  - Evaluation of safety balls and faceguards for prevention of injuries in youth baseball
JO  - JAMA journal of the American Medical Association
A1  - Yang, Jingzhen
A1  - Kirby, DP
A1  - Mueller, F. O.
A1  - Marshall, Stephen W.
SP  - 568
EP  - 574
VL  - 289
IS  - 5
N2  - CONTEXT: Safety balls and faceguards are widely used in youth baseball, but their effectiveness in reducing injury is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of the use of faceguards and safety balls and injuries in youth baseball. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Ecological study using a national database of compensated insurance claims maintained by Little League Baseball Incorporated, combined with data on the number of participants in Little League and data from a census of protective equipment usage for youth aged 5 to 18 years participating in Little League Baseball in the United States during 1997-1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate of injury and injury rate ratio comparing users with nonusers of protective equipment. RESULTS: A total of 6,744,240 player-seasons of follow-up and 4,233 compensated injury claims were available for analysis. The absolute incidence of compensated injury per 100,000 player-seasons was 28.02 (95% confidence interval [CI], 26.76-29.29) for ball-related injury and 2.71 (95% CI, 2.32-3.11) for facial injury. Overall, use of safety balls was associated with a reduced risk of ball-related injury (adjusted rate ratio, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.64-0.93). This reduction was essentially due to 1 type of safety ball, known as the reduced-impact ball (adjusted rate ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.57-0.91). Use of faceguards reduced the risk of facial injury (adjusted rate ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.43-0.98). Metal and plastic guards appeared to be equally effective. Safety balls appeared to be more effective in the minor division (ages 7-12 years) than in the regular division (ages 9-12 years). CONCLUSIONS: Reduced-impact balls and faceguards were associated with a reduced risk of injury in youth baseball. These findings support increased usage of these items; however, it should be noted that the absolute incidence of injury in youth baseball is low and that these equipment items do not prevent all injuries.
LA  - 
SN  - 0098-7484
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/
ID  - ref1
ER  -