TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2022//
TI  - A literature review of traumatic brain injury biomarkers
JO  - Molecular neurobiology
A1  - Ghaith, Hazem S.
A1  - Nawar, Asmaa Ahmed
A1  - Gabra, Mohamed Diaa
A1  - Abdelrahman, Mohamed Essam
A1  - Nafady, Mohamed H.
A1  - Bahbah, Eshak I.
A1  - Ebada, Mahmoud Ahmed
A1  - Ashraf, Ghulam Md
A1  - Negida, Ahmed
A1  - Barreto, George E.
SP  - ePub
EP  - ePub
VL  - ePub
IS  - ePub
N2  - Research into TBI biomarkers has accelerated rapidly in the past decade owing to the heterogeneous nature of TBI pathologies and management, which pose challenges to TBI evaluation, management, and prognosis. TBI biomarker proteins resulting from axonal, neuronal, or glial cell injuries are widely used and have been extensively studied. However, they might not pass the blood-brain barrier with sufficient amounts to be detected in peripheral blood specimens, and further might not be detectable in the cerebrospinal fluid owing to flow limitations triggered by the injury itself. Despite the advances in TBI research, there is an unmet clinical need to develop and identify novel TBI biomarkers that entirely correlate with TBI pathologies on the molecular level, including mild TBI, and further enable physicians to predict patient outcomes and allow researchers to test neuroprotective agents to limit the extents of injury. Although the extracellular vesicles have been identified and studied long ago, they have recently been revisited and repurposed as potential TBI biomarkers that overcome the many limitations of the traditional blood and CSF assays. Animal and human experiments demonstrated the accuracy of several types of exosomes and miRNAs in detecting mild, moderate, and severe TBI. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the traditional TBI biomarkers that are helpful in clinical practice. Also, we highlight the emerging roles of exosomes and miRNA being the promising candidates under investigation of current research.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0893-7648
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-022-02822-6
ID  - ref1
ER  -