TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2021//
TI  - Multipotential and systemic effects of traumatic brain injury
JO  - Journal of neuroimmunology
A1  - Sabet, Nazanin
A1  - Soltani, Zahra
A1  - Khaksari, Mohammad
SP  - 577619
EP  - 577619
VL  - 357
IS  - 
N2  - Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality of people at all ages. Biochemical, cellular and physiological events that occur during primary injury lead to a delayed and long-term secondary damage that can last from hours to years. Secondary brain injury causes tissue damage in the central nervous system and a subsequent strong and rapid inflammatory response that may lead to persistent inflammation. However, this inflammatory response is not limited to the brain. Inflammatory mediators are transferred from damaged brain tissue to the bloodstream and produce a systemic inflammatory response in peripheral organs, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, renal and endocrine systems. Complications of TBI are associated with its multiple and systemic effects that should be considered in the treatment of TBI patients. Therefore, in this review, an attempt was made to examine the systemic effects of TBI in detail. It is hoped that this review will identify the mechanisms of injury and complications of TBI, and open a window for promising treatment in TBI complications.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0165-5728
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577619
ID  - ref1
ER  -