TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2018//
TI  - Abstract contracts to ensure safe traffic environments surrounding automated vehicles
JO  - Journal of the Japan Society for Safety Engineering
A1  - Nishimura, Hidekazu
A1  - Kinoshita, Satoko
SP  - 216
EP  - 227
VL  - 57
IS  - 3
N2  - This paper suggests definitions of consistent priorities among automated vehicles and surrounding mobility systems as abstract contracts using laws in order to ensure the safe traffic environments. Behaviors keeping the priorities in the abstract contracts support automated vehicles and their surroundings to avoid occurrence of deadlocks. Automated vehicles including embedded software systems are required to interact with other independent systems such as pedestrians and other vehicles. However, unless the basic conventions about decision-making and behaviors for them are defined, automated vehicles behavior may cause deadlocks among constituent systems. Deadlocks can be hazard sources that surrounding mobility systems cause traffic accidents or emergency vehicles cannot achieve their purposes. Therefore, automated vehicles and surrounding systems should avoid deadlocks to reach safe environments minimizing harms. To address these issues, abstract contracts should be defined before concrete design stage of automated vehicles. In this paper, first, whole traffic environments including automated vehicles are regarded as a "System of Systems" involving automated vehicles. Second, priority relations are set for each pair of constituent systems. Then, the rankings about priorities are calculated with pairwise approaches. We use three different methods to compare the rankings. It is shown from the priority rankings that there are possibilities for automated vehicles to cause deadlocks in traffic environments due to their different decisions. Moreover, we consider the influences caused by the differences of laws using Japan and the State of California as sample scenarios.     本論文では，交通環境の安全を確保するため，自動運転車，および相互に関連する交通環境上の移動体に対し，法律にもとづく優先度を抽象的な約定として設定することを提案する．設定した優先度にしたがい，自動運転車が移動体に対して一貫性のある振る舞いをすることにより，デッドロックの発生を回避する．デッドロックは，移動体が交通事故を引き起こす，または緊急車両の目的の達成を阻む危険源となり得る．これらの危険源により，交通環境上で構成システムに危害が及び，安全が確保できなくなる可能性があるため，デッドロックの発生を回避すべきである．このため，自動運転車を導入した交通環境全体を，自動運転車を取り巻くSystem of Systems（SoS）とみなし，SoS の構成システムのペアごとに優先関係を設定し，優先度のランキングを算出する．<p />  <p>Language: ja</p>
LA  - ja
SN  - 0570-4480
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.18943/safety.57.3_216
ID  - ref1
ER  -