TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2020//
TI  - Transgender people and human trafficking: intersectional exclusion of transgender migrants and people of color from anti-trafficking protection in the united states
JO  - Journal of human trafficking
A1  - Fehrenbacher, Anne E.
A1  - Musto, Jennifer
A1  - Hoefinger, Heidi
A1  - Mai, Nicola
A1  - Macioti, P. G.
A1  - Giametta, Calogero
A1  - Bennachie, Calum
SP  - 182
EP  - 194
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
N2  - Transgender (hereafter: trans) people are rarely included in human trafficking research. This empirical study presents narratives of trans individuals who report experiences consistent with the Palermo Protocol's definition of trafficking, access to anti-trafficking services for trans individuals, and attitudes of anti-trafficking advocates and law enforcement toward trans people. Ethnographic fieldwork conducted for 30 months between March 2017 and August 2019 in Los Angeles and New York City included in-depth interviews with sex workers and trafficked persons (n = 50), of whom 26 were trans, and key informants (n = 17) from law enforcement and social services. Most trans participants who reported exploitation did not self-identify as victims of trafficking nor were they identified by police or anti-trafficking organizations as victims. Law enforcement gatekeeping was identified by anti-trafficking advocates as a barrier to meeting the needs of trans clients because they were viewed as "less exploitable" than cisgender women. Discriminatory law enforcement practices resulted in the exclusion and hyper-criminalization of trans migrants and people of color who were profiled not only by gender, but also race/ethnicity and immigration status.    Keywords: Human trafficking; <p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 2332-2705
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2020.1690116
ID  - ref1
ER  -