TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2019//
TI  - Childhood generalized specific phobia as an early marker of internalizing psychopathology across the lifespan: results from the World Mental Health Surveys
JO  - BMC medicine
A1  - de Vries, Ymkje Anna
A1  - Al-Hamzawi, Ali
A1  - Alonso, Jordi
A1  - Borges, Guilherme L. G.
A1  - Bruffaerts, Ronny
A1  - Bunting, Brendan
A1  - Caldas-de-Almeida, Jose Miguel
A1  - Cía, Alfredo H.
A1  - de Girolamo, Giovanni
A1  - Dinolova, Rumyana V.
A1  - Esan, Oluyomi
A1  - Florescu, Silvia
A1  - Gureje, Oye
A1  - Haro, Josep Maria
A1  - Hu, Chiyi
A1  - Karam, Elie G.
A1  - Karam, Aimee
A1  - Kawakami, Norito
A1  - Kiejna, Andrzej
A1  - Kovess-Masféty, Viviane
A1  - Lee, Sing
A1  - Mneimneh, Zeina
A1  - Navarro-Mateu, Fernando
A1  - Piazza, Marina
A1  - Scott, Kate
A1  - ten Have, Margreet
A1  - Torres, Yolanda
A1  - Viana, Maria Carmen
A1  - Kessler, Ronald C.
A1  - de Jonge, Peter
SP  - e101
EP  - e101
VL  - 17
IS  - 1
N2  - BACKGROUND: Specific phobia (SP) is a relatively common disorder associated with high levels of psychiatric comorbidity. Because of its early onset, SP may be a useful early marker of internalizing psychopathology, especially if generalized to multiple situations. This study aimed to evaluate the association of childhood generalized SP with comorbid internalizing disorders. <br><br>METHODS: We conducted retrospective analyses of the cross-sectional population-based World Mental Health Surveys using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Outcomes were lifetime prevalence, age of onset, and persistence of internalizing disorders; past-month disability; lifetime suicidality; and 12-month serious mental illness. Logistic and linear regressions were used to assess the association of these outcomes with the number of subtypes of childhood-onset (< 13 years) SP. <br><br>RESULTS: Among 123,628 respondents from 25 countries, retrospectively reported prevalence of childhood SP was 5.9%, 56% of whom reported one, 25% two, 10% three, and 8% four or more subtypes. Lifetime prevalence of internalizing disorders increased from 18.2% among those without childhood SP to 46.3% among those with one and 75.6% those with 4+ subtypes (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 2.3-2.5, p < 0.001). Twelve-month persistence of lifetime internalizing comorbidity at interview increased from 47.9% among those without childhood SP to 59.0% and 79.1% among those with 1 and 4+ subtypes (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.4-1.5, p < 0.001). Respondents with 4+ subtypes also reported significantly more disability (3.5 days out of role in the past month) than those without childhood SP (1.1 days) or with only 1 subtype (1.8 days) (B = 0.56, SE 0.06, p < 0.001) and a much higher rate of lifetime suicide attempts (16.8%) than those without childhood SP (2.0%) or with only 1 subtype (6.5%) (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.7-1.8, p < 0.001). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This large international study shows that childhood-onset generalized SP is related to adverse outcomes in the internalizing domain throughout the life course. Comorbidity, persistence, and severity of internalizing disorders all increased with the number of childhood SP subtypes. Although our study cannot establish whether SP is causally associated with these poor outcomes or whether other factors, such as a shared underlying vulnerability, explain the association, our findings clearly show that childhood generalized SP identifies an important target group for early intervention.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 1741-7015
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1328-3
ID  - ref1
ER  -