TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2018//
TI  - State and trait hopelessness in a prospective five-year study of patients with depressive disorders
JO  - Journal of affective disorders
A1  - Baryshnikov, Ilya
A1  - Rosenström, Tom
A1  - Jylhä, Pekka
A1  - Koivisto, Maaria
A1  - Mantere, Outi
A1  - Suominen, Kirsi
A1  - Melartin, Tarja
A1  - Vuorilehto, Maria
A1  - Holma, Mikael
A1  - Riihimäki, Kirsi
A1  - Isometsä, Erkki T.
SP  - 107
EP  - 114
VL  - 239
IS  - 
N2  - BACKGROUND: Hopelessness is a common experience of patients with depressive disorders (DD) and an important predictor of suicidal behaviour. However, stability and factors explaining state and trait variation of hopelessness in patients with DD over time are poorly known. <br><br>METHODS: Patients with DD (n = 406) from the Vantaa Depression Study and the Vantaa Primary Care Depression Study filled in the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Perceived Social Support Scale-Revised (PSSS-R), and Eysenck Personality Inventory-Q (EPI-Q) at baseline, at six and eighteen months, and at five years. We conducted a multilevel linear regression analyses predicting BHS with these covariates. <br><br>RESULTS: During the five-year follow-up half of the variance in BHS was attributable to between-patient variance (50.6%, CI = 41.2-61.5%), and the rest arose from within-patient variance and measurement errors. BDI and BAI explained 5.6% of within-patient and 28.4% of between-patient variance of BHS. High Neuroticism and low Extraversion explained 2.6% of the between-patient variance of BHS. PSSS-R explained 5% of between-patient variance and 1.7% of within-patient variance of BHS. LIMITATIONS: No treatment effects were controlled. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Hopelessness varies markedly over time both within and between patients with depression; it is both state- and trait-related. Concurrent depressive and anxiety symptoms and low social support explain both state and trait variance, whereas high Neuroticism and low Extraversion explain only trait variance of hopelessness. These variations influence the utility of hopelessness as an indicator of suicide risk.<br><br>Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0165-0327
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.007
ID  - ref1
ER  -