TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2017//
TI  - "Tampering to death": a fatal codeine intoxication due to a homemade purification of a medical formulation
JO  - Journal of forensic sciences
A1  - Fais, Paolo
A1  - Pigaiani, Nicola
A1  - Cecchetto, Giovanni
A1  - Montisci, Massimo
A1  - Gottardo, Rossella
A1  - Viel, Guido
A1  - Pascali, Jennifer Paola
A1  - Tagliaro, Franco
SP  - 1671
EP  - 1673
VL  - 62
IS  - 6
N2  - Many homemade tamper processes of medical codeine formulations are available on selected "forums" on the Internet, where recreational codeine users claim to be able to purify codeine by removing additives, such as acetaminophen, to avoid or limit adverse effects. In this work, it is reported and discussed a fatal case of codeine intoxication. The findings of objects such as jars, filters, and tablets, and amounts of unknown liquid material at the death scene investigation suggested a fatal codeine intoxication after the tampering procedure called "cold water extraction." Toxicological results obtained from the analysis of both the nonbiological material and the body fluids of the decedent integrated with the information collected at the death scene investigation confirmed the above-mentioned hypothesis. This report underlines the importance of a tight interconnection between criminalistics and legal medicine to strengthen the identification of the cause of death and the reconstruction of the event.<br><br>© 2017 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0022-1198
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13492
ID  - ref1
ER  -