TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2015//
TI  - Relationships of diet-related blood parameters and blood lead levels with psychopathology and aggression in forensic psychiatric inpatients
JO  - Criminal behaviour and mental health
A1  - Zaalberg, Ap
A1  - Wielders, Jos
A1  - Bulten, Erik
A1  - van der Staak, Cees
A1  - Wouters, Anouk
A1  - Nijman, Henk
SP  - 196
EP  - 211
VL  - 26
IS  - 3
N2  - BACKGROUND: Earlier studies have suggested associations between diet-related blood parameters and both aggression and psychopathological symptoms, but little is known about this in forensic psychiatric inpatients. <br><br>AIM: This article aims to explore the levels of diet-related blood parameters and their relationship to aggressive behaviour and/or psychopathology among Dutch forensic psychiatric inpatients. <br><br>METHODS: Minerals, vitamins, lead and fatty acid levels were measured in blood samples from 51 inpatients, well enough to consent and participate in the study, from a possible total of 99. Levels of aggression and psychopathology were assessed using questionnaires, observation instruments and clinical data. Associations between blood parameters and behavioural measures were calculated. <br><br>RESULTS: Low average levels of vitamin D3 and omega (ω)-3 fatty acids were found, with nearly two-thirds of the patients having below recommended levels of D3 , while vitamin B6 levels were high. Magnesium, iron, zinc, copper and lead were overall within reference values, but copper/zinc ratios were high. Several significant associations between levels of fatty acid measures and both aggression and psychopathology were observed. <br><br>CONCLUSION: In our sample of forensic psychiatric inpatients, fatty acids - but not mineral or vitamin levels - were associated with aggression and psychopathology. A potentially causal link between fatty acids and aggression could be tested in a randomised, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil supplements. General health of such patients might be improved by better vitamin D status (increased sun exposure and/or supplement use) and better ω-3 fatty acid status (oily fish or fish oil consumption), but discouraging unnecessary self-prescription of B vitamins where necessary. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0957-9664
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.1954
ID  - ref1
ER  -