TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2014//
TI  - Releases of chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols and dioxins during fireworks
JO  - Chemosphere
A1  - Schmid, Peter
A1  - Bogdal, Christian
A1  - Wang, Zhanyun
A1  - Azara, Valeria
A1  - Haag, Regula
A1  - von Arx, Urs
SP  - 158
EP  - 164
VL  - 114
IS  - 
N2  - In fireworks, organic additives with high chlorine content such as hexachlorobenzene (HCB) are used for the improvement of illumination effects. In the course of a monitoring campaign for the detection of HCB in fireworks, atmospheric concentrations of chlorobenzenes (CBs), chlorophenols (CPs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), were measured during the Swiss National holiday August 1, 2011 which is celebrated with fireworks nationwide. Samples were collected in the city of Zurich using high-volume air samplers equipped with quartz fiber filters and poly-urethane foam plugs. With one sampling period of 3h, a peak HCB concentration of 297pgm(-3) was detected. Maximum total concentrations of pentachlorophenol and PCDD/Fs were 218pg m(-3) and 61fg I-TEQ m(-3), respectively. These levels are in the order of ten times above background concentrations measured one week before and two weeks after the event. Atmospheric emissions of HCB and CPs were quantified using a multimedia mass balance model to interpret the field measurements resulting in total emissions of HCB and CPs during the event of 23g and 25g, respectively. Based on per capita amounts this corresponds to total annual emissions from fireworks of 1.5kg for each of the two pollutants in Switzerland. Starting from an estimation of the total worldwide emissions of HCB, in Switzerland emissions from fireworks may represent about 2-14% of total HCB releases.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0045-6535
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.088
ID  - ref1
ER  -