TY  - JOUR
PY  - 1996//
TI  - Crashes of instructional flights
JO  - Aviation, space, and environmental medicine
A1  - Dodd, R. S.
A1  - Li, Guohua
A1  - Lamb, M. W.
A1  - Baker, Susan Pardee
SP  - 105
EP  - 110
VL  - 67
IS  - 2
N2  - BACKGROUND: A pilot's basic flight training influences his or her entire flying career. Instructional flights are involved in more than 300 crashes annually and in 36% of all midair collisions. Research was undertaken to identify the circumstances of crashes of instructional flights and to describe related factors. METHODS: We analyzed NTSB data types and 2-page descriptive briefs for 638 crashes that occurred during 1989 and 1991 and that involved a student pilot or a flight for instructional purposes. RESULTS: Loss of control on landing characterized 36% of all crashes, and crosswinds contributed to 28%. Stalls occurred in 15% of the series and 46% of all fatal crashes. Trainees on solo comprised 56% of the series; 193 of the 360 students who crashed on solo did so due to loss of control on landing or takeoff. Touch-and-go landings accounted for 22% of all crashes on solo. Among the 84 crashes on cross-country solos, 26 (31%) were due to running out of fuel. Instructors were present in 50% of crashes from stalls and 32% of crashes from fuel starvation. Simulated emergencies ended in 49 crashes. The NTSB identified instructor factors as contributory to one-third of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Greater emphasis during flight training needs to be placed on avoiding stalls and midair collisions, managing crosswinds, and understanding the dynamics of takeoffs and landings prior to solo touch-and-go practice. Instructors contribute to crashes both directly during dual instruction and indirectly through failure to successfully monitor their students and convey the elements necessary for safe and proficient flight.
LA  - 
SN  - 0095-6562
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/
ID  - ref1
ER  -