TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2012//
TI  - Cyber attacks, self-defence and the problem of attribution
JO  - Journal of conflict and security law
A1  - Tsagourias, Nicholas
SP  - 229
EP  - 244
VL  - 17
IS  - 2
N2  - This article examines the conditions under which a cyber attack can trigger a State's right to self-defence and argues that the current international law standards for attributing attacks to a State can cover the case of cyber attacks. More specifically, the victim State can use force by way of self-defence against another State if the attack has been committed by the latter's organs or agents or has been committed by non-State actors tolerated by that State. When no State is implicated in the cyber attack, the victim State can take direct self-defence action against the non-State actor. It is however noted that future State practice may amplify further the attribution standards or introduce new standards.<p /> <p>Language: en</p> 
LA  - en
SN  - 1467-7954
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krs019
ID  - ref1
ER  -