TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2009//
TI  - Failure modes of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries for electric bicycle applications in deep discharge
JO  - Journal of power sources
A1  - Guo, Yonglang
A1  - Tang, Shengqun
A1  - Meng, Gang
A1  - Yang, Shijun
SP  - 127
EP  - 133
VL  - 191
IS  - 1
N2  - The 36 or 48 V valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery packs have been widely applied to the power sources of electric bicycles or light electric scooters in China. The failure modes of the 12 V/10 Ah VRLA batteries have been studied by the cycle life test at C2 discharge rate and 100% depth of discharge (DOD). It indicates that the main cause of the battery failure in this cycle duty is the softening and shedding of positive active mass (PAM) rather than individual water loss, recombination efficiency or sulfation, etc. When the electrolyte saturation falls to a certain extent, the high oxygen recombination current leads to the depolarization of the negative plate and the shift of the positive plate to a higher potential. The violent oxygen evolution accelerates the softening of PAM and the end of cycle life.  2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<p /> 
LA  - 
SN  - 0378-7753
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.08.059
ID  - ref1
ER  -