TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2003//
TI  - The effect of gang membership on parole outcome
JO  - Journal of gang research
A1  - McShane, Marilyn D.
A1  - Williams, Frank P.
A1  - Dolny, H. Michael
SP  - 25
EP  - 38
VL  - 10
IS  - 4
N2  - This study reports on a statewide random sample of 4,047 California paroleesߞgang members and non-gang membersߞand their recidivism levels, defined as reincarceration. Data were derived from interviews with parole agents and administrators, and other sources. Findings revealed that gang members have higher recidivism rates than non-gang members whether controls are exercised or not. For both age and commitment offense categories, gang membership resulted in negative parole outcomes across all categories. When gang membership was included among standard parole classification variables, it maintained an independent, but lesser, effect.<p /> 
LA  - en
SN  - 1079-3062
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/Article
ID  - ref1
ER  -