TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2002//
TI  - Prenatal depression effects on the foetus and neonate in different ethnic and socio-economic status groups
JO  - Journal of reproductive and infant psychology
A1  - Field, T.
A1  - Diego, M.
A1  - Hernandez-Reif, Maria
A1  - Schanberg, S.
A1  - Kuhn, Celine
A1  - Yando, R.
A1  - Bendell, D.
SP  - 149
EP  - 149
VL  - 20
IS  - 3
N2  - The questions addressed in this study were whether prenatal depression effects on the foetus and neonate varied by ethnicity and socio-economic status. Eighty-six depressed pregnant women were compared by ethnic group, Hispanic and African-American, and by socio-economic status (upper/lower) on prenatal and neonatal outcome variables. The Hispanic mothers were older, had a higher SES and had higher prenatal norepinephrine levels. Their foetuses were also more active. At the neonatal period they had higher anger scores, but also higher serotonin levels, and their infants had higher dopamine and lower cortisol levels and they spent less time in deep and indeterminate sleep. The comparison by middle/lower socio-economic status revealed that the middle SES group was older, had more social support and showed less depressed affect but had higher norepinephrine levels prenatally. At the postnatal period the middle SES mothers had lower depression, anxiety and anger scores and lower norepinephrine levels.Their infants also had lower norepinephrine levels, fewer postnatal complications and were less excitable on the Neonatal Behaviour Assessment Scale.<p /> 
LA  - 
SN  - 0264-6838
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026468302760270809
ID  - ref1
ER  -