TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2009//
TI  - Lead Exposure and Its Implications for Criminological Theory
JO  - Criminal justice and behavior
A1  - Gibbs, Carole
A1  - Pizarro, Jesenia
A1  - Narag, Raymund E.
SP  - 954
EP  - 973
VL  - 36
IS  - 9
N2  - This article summarizes what is known about the association between lead exposure and human behavior and discusses the implications for criminology. It provides background information about lead sources and measurement and traces the various impacts of lead exposure on humans, including cognition and behavior. It posits that the link between lead exposure, aggression, delinquency, and crime is consistent with the traditional individual-level psychological based and aggregate-level sociological based theories that explain delinquent and criminal behavior and that differential lead exposure and treatment by neighborhood is congruent with theories of social disadvantage. It concludes by enumerating the unsettled debates about the impact of lead exposure and by outlining the profitable avenues for future criminological research.<p />
LA  - 
SN  - 0093-8548
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854809339286
ID  - ref1
ER  -