TY  - JOUR
PY  - 1997//
TI  - Three Generations of Environment and Security Research
JO  - Journal of peace research
A1  - Ronnfeldt, C. F.
SP  - 473
EP  - 482
VL  - 34
IS  - 4
N2  - The claim that environmental factors should be integrated into the concept of security was first made in the early 1980s (for example by Richard Ullman). By the early 1990s, a 'second generation' approach appeared, aiming at identifying the causal pathways from environmental scarcity to conflict by means of empirical case studies (for example by Thomas Homer-Dixon and the Toronto Group). This essay reviews the issues raised in the literature of these two approaches - the initial debate and the empirical studies - and goes on to examine a number of conceptual critiques. The emerging 'third generation' draws attention to improved methodology, including the comparative study of cooperation as well as conflict as a response to environmental scarcity, which in turn focuses attention on the nature of regimes and of the role of the 'state-in-society'.<p />
LA  - 
SN  - 0022-3433
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343397034004009
ID  - ref1
ER  -