@article{ref1,
title="Effects of scenery, lighting, glideslope, and experience on timing the landing flare",
journal="Journal of experimental psychology: applied",
year="2008",
author="Palmisano, Stephen and Favelle, Simone and Sachtler, W. L.",
volume="14",
number="3",
pages="236-246",
abstract="This study examined three visual strategies for timing the initiation of the landing flare based on perceptions of either: (a) a critical height above ground level; (b) a critical runway width angle (Psi); or (c) a critical time-to-contact (TTC) with the runway. Visual displays simulated landing approaches with trial-to-trial variations in glideslope, lighting, and scene detail. Twenty-four participants (8 private pilots, 8 student pilots, and 8 nonpilots) were instructed to initiate the flare when they perceived that their TTC with the runway (30 m wide by 840 m long) had reached a critical value of 2 seconds. Our results demonstrated a significant effect of flight experience on flare timing accuracy and dominance of the height-based strategy over the runway-width-angle and TTC-based strategies.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1076-898X",
doi="10.1037/a0012659",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0012659"
}