@article{ref1,
title="Longitudinal course and outcome of personality disorders",
journal="Psychiatric clinics of North America",
year="2008",
author="Skodol, Andrew E.",
volume="31",
number="3",
pages="495-503, viii",
abstract="The notion of personality disorders (PDs) as stable disorders has persisted despite traditional follow-up studies showing that fewer than 50% of patients diagnosed with PDs retained these diagnoses over time. Because these studies had methodological limitations, four more rigorous large-scale studies of the naturalistic course of PDs have been conducted. The results indicate (1) personality psychopathology improves over time at unexpectedly significant rates; (2) maladaptive personality traits are more stable than PD diagnoses; (3) although personality psychopathology improves, residual effects can be seen in the form of persistent functional impairment, continuing behavioral problems, reduced future quality of life, and ongoing Axis I psychopathology; (4) improvement in personality psychopathology may eventually be associated with reduction in ongoing personal and social burden.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0193-953X",
doi="10.1016/j.psc.2008.03.010",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.03.010"
}