@article{ref1,
title="Stress hormonal factors, fatigue, and antioxidant responses to prolonged speed driving",
journal="Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior",
year="1998",
author="Tsopanakis, C. and Tsopanakis, A.",
volume="60",
number="3",
pages="747-751",
abstract="Oxygen free radicals have been implicated in exercise-induced cell and tissue injury, indicating an oxidative stress. Fatigue accompanied by a number of physiological and metabolic changes is in indication of overtraining. This study aimed to examine the influence of a continuous 24-h intermittent speed driving (1 h driving/1 h stop), on the response of hormones, antioxidative factors, lipid, and enzyme levels. Seven race car drivers of national level were examined before, during, and immediately after the trial of speed driving on a test designed to check endurance to stress. The parameters measured were: testosterone (Tes), cortisol (Cor), IgM, IgA, cholesterol, HDL, billirubin, ceruloplasmin, urea, uric acid, creatine kinase, and transaminases. Stress hormone Cor declined significantly (p<0.05), while Tes did not change significantly. Fatigue enzyme, aspartate transaminase (GOT) increased significantly (p<0.05), while alanine transaminase (GPT) did not change and urea declined. Muscle enzyme, creatine kinase (CK) increased to sixfold (p<0.01). IgA, IgM and lipids did not change. The primary antioxidant ceruloplasmin increased significantly (p<0.001), while antioxidants uric acid and glucose remained unchanged. Among the factors measured, ceruloplasmin, cortisol, urea, GOT, and CK seem to give a picture of the organism's alertness and defence capabilities in conditions of stress and fatigue.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0091-3057",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}