@article{ref1,
title="Equine-related facial fractures",
journal="International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery",
year="2008",
author="Lee, K. H. and Steenberg, L. J.",
volume="37",
number="11",
pages="999-1002",
abstract="Horseback riding is a common recreational activity that can cause injuries to both mounted and dismounted participants. This study examines the patterns of equine-related maxillofacial fractures presenting in a tertiary referral centre. Patients presenting over an 11-year period from 1996 to 2006 with equine-related maxillofacial fractures were identified through the trauma database. The extent of the injuries, surgical treatment and follow-up details were documented. 45 patients were identified, with an increasing incidence over the study period. 69% were male and 31% female. 31% of patients were 16-30 years of age. 73% of fractures were in the midfacial region. 67% of patients were actively treated, with 60% of these patients requiring internal fixation. 64% of patients were hospitalized. Equine-related maxillofacial fractures frequently involve a young and predominantly female population, compared with facial fractures due to other causes. Midfacial fractures were the most common site of injury. Alcohol was rarely implicated. A high proportion of patients required surgery and hospitalization. <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0901-5027",
doi="10.1016/j.ijom.2008.05.009",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2008.05.009"
}