@article{ref1,
title="Depressed mood in childhood and subsequent alcohol use through adolescence and young adulthood",
journal="Archives of general psychiatry",
year="2008",
author="Crum, R. M. and Green, Kerry M. and Storr, Carla L. and Chan, Ya-Fen and Ialongo, N. and Stuart, Elizabeth A. and Anthony, James C.",
volume="65",
number="6",
pages="702-712",
abstract="CONTEXT: Despite prior evidence supporting cross-sectional associations of depression and alcohol use disorders, there is relatively little prospective data on the temporal association between depressed mood and maladaptive drinking, particularly across extended intervals. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between depressed mood in childhood and alcohol use during adolescence and young adulthood by mood level and sex and race/ethnicity subgroups. DESIGN: Cohort study of individuals observed during late childhood, early adolescence, and young adulthood. SETTING: Urban mid-Atlantic region of the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Two successive cohorts of students from 19 elementary schools have been followed up since entry into first grade (1985, cohort I [n = 1196]; 1986, cohort II [n = 1115]). The students were roughly equally divided by sex (48% female) and were predominantly African American (70%). Between 1989 and 1994, annual assessments were performed on students remaining in the public school system, and between 2000 and 2001, approximately 75% participated in an interview at young adulthood (n = 1692). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Among participants who reported having used alcohol, Cox and multinomial regression analyses were used to assess the association of childhood mood level, as measured by a depression symptom screener, with each alcohol outcome (incident alcohol intoxication, incident alcohol-related problems, and DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence). RESULTS: In adjusted regression analyses among those who drank alcohol, a high level of childhood depressed mood was associated with an earlier onset and increased risk of alcohol intoxication, alcohol-related problems during late childhood and early adolescence, and development of DSM-IV alcohol dependence in young adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: Early manifestations associated with possible depressive conditions in childhood helped predict and account for subsequent alcohol involvement extending across life stages from childhood through young adulthood.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0003-990X",
doi="10.1001/archpsyc.65.6.702",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.6.702"
}