@article{ref1,
title="Interactions of gender inequality and parental discipline predicting child aggression in low- and middle-income countries",
journal="Child development",
year="2024",
author="Ward, Kaitlin P. and Grogan-Kaylor, Andrew C. and Ma, Julie and Pace, Garrett T. and Lee, Shawna J. and Davis-Kean, Pamela E.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are disproportionately at risk of not meeting their developmental potential. Parental discipline can promote and hinder child outcomes; however, little research examines how discipline interacts with contextual factors to predict child outcomes in LMICs. Using data from 208,156 households with children between 36 and 59 months (50.5% male) across 63 countries, this study examined whether interactions between gender inequality and discipline (shouting, spanking, beating, and verbal reasoning) predicted child aggression. <br><br>RESULTS showed aggression was higher in countries with high gender inequality, and associations between discipline and child aggression were weaker in countries where gender inequality was higher. Improvements in country-level gender parity, in addition to parenting, will be necessary to promote positive child outcomes in LMICs.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0009-3920",
doi="10.1111/cdev.14152",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdev.14152"
}