@article{ref1,
title="Immersive virtual reality as a novel approach to investigate the association between adverse events and adolescent paranoid ideation",
journal="Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology",
year="2024",
author="Gayer-Anderson, Charlotte and Knowles, Gemma and Beards, Stephanie and Turner, Alice and Stanyon, Daniel and Davis, Sam and Blakey, Rachel and Lowis, Katie and Dorn, Lynsey and Ofori, Aisha and Rus-Calafell, Mar and Morgan, Craig and Valmaggia, Lucia",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="PURPOSE: Paranoid ideation is common among adolescents, yet little is known about the precursors. Using a novel immersive virtual reality (VR) paradigm, we tested whether experiences of bullying, and other interpersonal/threatening events, are associated with paranoid ideation to a greater degree than other types of (i) non-interpersonal events or (ii) adverse childhood experiences. <br><br>METHODS: Self-reported exposure to adverse life events and bullying was collected on 481 adolescents, aged 11-15. We used mixed effects (multilevel) linear regression to estimate the magnitude of associations between risk factors and paranoid ideation, assessed by means of adolescents' reactions to ambiguously behaving avatars in a VR school canteen, adjusting for putative confounders (gender, year group, ethnicity, free school meal status, place of birth, family mental health problems). <br><br>RESULTS: Lifetime exposure to interpersonal/threatening events, but not non-interpersonal events or adverse circumstances, was associated with higher levels of state paranoid ideation, with further evidence that the effect was cumulative (1 type: ϐ(adj) 0.07, 95% CI -0.01-0.14; 2 types: ϐ(adj) 0.14, 95% CI 0.05-0.24; 3 + types: ϐ(adj) 0.24, 95% CI 0.12-0.36). More tentatively, for girls, but not boys, recent bullying was associated with heightened paranoid ideation with effect estimates ranging from ϐ(adj) 0.06 (95% CI -0.02-0.15) for physical bullying to ϐ(adj) 0.21 (95% CI 0.10-0.32) for cyber bullying. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a degree of specificity for adversities involving interpersonal threat or hostility, i.e. those that involve unwanted interference and/or attempted control of an individual's personal boundaries being associated with heightened levels of state paranoid ideation among adolescents.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0933-7954",
doi="10.1007/s00127-024-02701-6",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-024-02701-6"
}