@article{ref1,
title="A new, 'user-friendly' terminology for confounding by indication in the study of adverse drug reactions",
journal="Post Marketing Surveillance",
year="1993",
author="Neutel, C.I.",
volume="7",
number="4",
pages="363-369",
abstract="Confounding by indication (CBI) is a major problem in observational pharmacoepidemiological studies. This article briefly describes and categorizes CBI into three types: confounding by prescriber expectancy, confounding by severity and confounding by natural history. The reason for these terms is to provide a simpler set of terms and to encourage a systematic approach in identifying CBI. Such a systematic approach is accomplished by asking three questions when designing a study: (1) What expectations do prescribers have of the drugs? (2) What is the prescribing pattern of the drugs? (3) How do the adverse drug reactions (ADR) to be measured relate to possible underlying diseases and conditions?<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0269-2333",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}